1/7/2023 0 Comments Patent dan rylands valve![]() Portland cement: patented by Joseph Aspdin, 1824, Wakefield, Yorkshire originally three-to-one mix of limestone and clay, plus water, over heat, yielding an unprecedentedly hard material ![]() for railway tracks regenerative furnace of Wilhelm Siemens, 1860s stainless steel of Henry Brearley, 1912, with added chromium to reduce staining and corrosion initially used in aeroengine valves, First World War Ĭoncrete: the modern form of this Roman invention was devised by John Smeaton in the 1790s, designer of bridges, canals, harbours and lighthouses (most famously Eddystone, out of interlocking blocks) and the father of civil engineering it was not until 1877, however, that the first permanent concrete bridge was erected, in Seaton, Devon without forging, using coke, Benjamin Huntsman, 1740s Bessemer Converter of Henry Bessemer, 1856, initiated modern era of mass steelmaking, e.g. ![]() ![]() Iron & steel: blast furnace, Riveaulx Abbey, Yorkshire, 1350, though there may have been blast furnaces as early as 700 in what is now Spain, making Riveaulx’s achievement a reinvention at Riveaulx, iron ore was placed in the furnace together with added charcoal, in a blast of hot air pig iron resulted that was purer, less brittle and had more uses 1621, Dud Dudley perfected the use of coal 1709, Abraham Darby’s coke-filled furnaces led to explosion in use of cast iron, ushering in the modern world coke is a pure form of coal, notably lacking the sulphur that compromises the strength of cast iron Darby invented casting with green sand steam rolling machine for improved iron, Henry Cort, 1783 steel (iron hardened with carbon) made via melting in crucible, i.e. ![]()
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